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Simulating Voltage-Dependent Index Changes in SOI Waveguides
Tool Used: LaserMOD
Silicon is the desired material system for integrated electro-optical devices due to its mature fabrication technology. However, not all the desired optical functionality has yet been achieved. One recent advance has been in the area of high-speed optical modulation in SOI (silicon on insulator) waveguides [1]. These devices rely on carrier dependent absorption/index effects [2] to modulate the propagating light. Until now, such devices have generally been slow, but an innovation that yields improved frequency response is the use of a MOS configuration. This creates a carrier accumulation channel near a thin buried oxide layer that can be controlled much faster than charge injected everywhere in the waveguide.
The model for charge-dependent absorption/index changes is given by Soref [2], and a self-consistent solution of Poisson's equation and the carrier continuity equations is used to determine the carrier densities everywhere in the device as a function of applied voltage. These models are all contained in the active device simulator, LaserMOD?.
SOI MOS Waveguide Structure
The waveguide structure used in the present example is very closely related to the structure disclosed in [1]. It is a 2.5 micron wide by 0.9 micron thick polysilicon ridge waveguide on silicon substrate. The ridge and substrate are separated by a thin (120 Angstrom) SiO2 layer, which prevents current from flowing between the contacts. It instead permits charge to accumulate on either side, which in turn creates a strong index perturbation. The device is designed to operate at 1.55 microns, and can achieve modulation at several gigahertz.
A highly doped region, 1e19, resides beneath each contact, while the doping elsewhere is 3e16 (p-type) in the ridge and 1.7e16 (n-type) in the silicon. The cross-sectional geometry of the Polysilicon waveguide in MOS configuration is:
Steady-State Results
As the waveguide is driven to higher voltages, the carrier accumulation can be seen in near the buried oxide layer beneath the ridge:
The electron density is on the left; hole density is on the right.
The resulting index change due to these carriers causes an effective index change for the waveguide mode. This change is directly related to the optical path length change. This phase change is shown for several lengths:
Transient Results
Devices comprised of these waveguides stand to benefit from enhances speed due to the rapid response of the accumulation layer. The waveguide's response to a square pulse is shown here at an operating point of 3V:
The corresponding frequency response showing a-dB point of more than 2 GHZ:
Such devices can respond in the several GHz range.
References
[1] A. Liu, R. Jones, L. Liao, D. Samara-Rubio, D. Rubin, O. Cohen, R. Nicolaescu, and M. Paniccia, A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor, Nature, 427, pp. 615-618, 2004.
[2] R. Soref and B. Bennett, Electrooptical Effects in Silicon, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 23, pp. 123-129,1987.